This book collects 8 thoroughly revised articles and book chapters, together with a new introductory theoretical chapter, based on Pål Kolst ’s 30 years of study of nationalism and ethnic conflict in post-Soviet states. In them, Kolst examines how the drivers behind ethnic conflicts in the non-Russian republics were not only struggles for collective identities but also more mundane interests, such as competition for jobs and positions. He also analyses the transformations of Russian nationalism, both among the ruling elite and in the opposition, with a particular focus on the use of symbolism. Exploring nationalism as a pervasive feature of politics in the modern world, Kolst argues that both state leaders and ’ethnic entrepreneurs’ employ nationalist rhetoric and stratagems to further their political agendas and achieve particular goals. He examines some of the ways this is used as a political strategy and focuses both on nationalism at the societal level and as a state strategy.