Are there no limits to human cruelty? Is there any divine justice? Do the gods even matter if they do not occupy themselves with rewarding virtue and punishing wickedness? Seneca's plays might be dismissed as bombastic and extravagant answers to such questionsf so much of human history were not "Senecan" in its absurdity, melodrama, and terror. Here is an honest artist confronting the irrationality and cruelty of his worldhe Rome of Caligula, Claudius, and Nerond his art reflects the stress of the encounter. The surprise, perhaps, is that Seneca's world is so like our own.